June 2021

The Financial/Economic Challenges of Widowhood

Speak Wednesday, Women, Women Education /

Widowhood, the death of a spouse is often considered one of the stressful events that can take place in a person’s life. Widowhood has been found to have a negative association with the financial well-being of women. When a woman loses their partner the burden of catering for the home becomes unbearable most especially in cases where the woman was a full-time housewife, comes from a cultural background where the properties of her husband are confiscated by the in-laws or where the woman is quite aged.

According to Sevak et al in the paper “The Economic Consequences of a Husband’s Death”, In the 1970s, 37 per cent of new widows became poor after widowhood. By the 1990s, this rate had fallen to between 12 per cent and 15 per cent. Nevertheless, widowhood remains an important risk factor for transition into poverty. Faced with the loss of resources in widowhood, women have only a few options available to improve their economic status”. This excerpt shows that indeed there is a financial burden associated with the loss of a partner.

According to the World Bank Organization, one in ten African women above the age of 14 is widowed, and six per cent are divorced. In Nigeria, about 1 per cent of all Nigerian men are widowers while 9 per cent of women are widows. Strikingly, while the share of widowers among men aged 75 and older is about 11 per cent, it is 77 per cent for women of the same age. In Nigeria, the socio-economic status of widows is incomparably stressful due to certain traditional barriers to assessing the land, capital, credit, employment, housing, and other means of livelihood. In other words, Widowhood, therefore, deprives women of homes, agricultural land and other assets. This often limits the ability of widows to become economically secure.

The poverty level of widows is exacerbated by factors of illiteracy and lack of education and training. Long-drawn out and rigid and expensive burial rites further compound the economic condition of widows (Research on Humanities and Social Sciences, 2013). In certain parts of the country, it is observed that during the mourning period a widow is unable to engage in any economic venture nor carry out any personal work to earn an income. However, she is expected to bear the financial burden expected of widows to make an elaborate party for the outing ceremony after her mourning. These women often times are made to spend all they have left in shouldering this responsibility. This inevitably marks the beginning of a terrible financial crisis for the widow and her children.

For many widows in Nigeria, the implications of poverty include withdrawal of children from school and the adoption of coping strategies such as engaging in exploitative informal work, engaging the children in child labour and hawking, begging and sex work (Research on Humanities and Social Sciences, 2013).

As a society, we need to be more intentional about alleviating the hardships of widows. This could range from advocating for policies that address systemic inequalities which enable women to support themselves in the face of marital dissolution. This could include reforms to credit markets, where women are particularly disadvantaged; ensuring equal ownership and inheritance rights for women. (World Bank Organization, 2018), encouraging qualitative female education at an early stage, enhancing women economic empowerment through enlightenment programs and vocational skills acquisition, particularly widows, for them to become self-reliant and cater for the needs of their immediate families.

Also, through advocacy and public health awareness campaigns, the enlightenment of the public about the plight of the widows should be intensified in order to eliminate the dehumanizing traditional practices to which Nigerian widows are often subjected.

Speak Wednesday is an initiative of Centre for Family Health Initiative (CFHI) to address issues around gender-based violence and gender bias. Join us every Wednesday on all our social media platforms for more interesting episodes.

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MONDAY HEALTH BURST – The Effects of Illicit Substance Use During Pregnancy

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It is often the desire of many couples to conceive and bear their child. While some due to one medical situation or the other find it impossible, and have to resort to adoption, surrogate mothers, etc., others are often fortunate to bear a child. Dr Kristen Cherney in a 2019 Health line publication defined pregnancy as a process that takes place when a sperm fertilizes an egg after it is released from the ovary during ovulation. The fertilized egg then travels down into the uterus, where implantation occurs. A successful implantation results in pregnancy. On average, a full-term pregnancy lasts 40 weeks.

Many factors can affect a pregnancy. When a woman is pregnant, everything that goes into her body has the potential to affect her unborn baby. Smoking, drinking alcohol, abusing prescription drugs or using illicit drugs can all pass through the placenta and have a negative effect on her and her baby. According to Florida Health, illegal drugs such as marijuana, cocaine, and methamphetamine aren’t the only drugs that are harmful to fetal development; Commonly used over-the-counter medicines, along with substances such as caffeine and alcohol, can have lasting effects on an unborn child.

It is possible that one may not have a serious or long-lasting problem after using drugs. But the same is not always true for a fetus. Studies show that using drugs — legal or illegal — during pregnancy has a direct impact on the fetus. If a pregnant woman smokes, drink alcohol, or ingest caffeine, so does the fetus. If she uses marijuana or crystal meth, her fetus also feels the impact of these dangerous drugs. And if she is addicted to cocaine — also called coke, snow, or blow — she is not only putting her own life on the line, but risking the health of her unborn baby. The consequences of using cocaine include heart attacks, respiratory failure, strokes, and seizures. And these life-threatening health problems can also be passed to an unborn baby.

According to an article titled “Drug Use and Pregnancy” by WebMD, taking drugs during pregnancy also increases the chance of birth defects, premature babies, underweight babies, and stillborn births. Exposure to drugs such as marijuana and alcohol before birth has been proven to cause behaviour problems in early childhood. This article also went further to elaborate that these drugs taken by a pregnant woman can also affect the child’s memory and attentiveness. For instance, babies who are exposed to cocaine tend to have smaller heads that indicate a lower IQ. Other effects of illicit substance use include injury to the fetus by the forceful contraction of muscles of the uterus, the dysfunctional placenta usually caused by blood vessels constricting, thus reducing the supply of oxygen and nutrients to the fetus, etc.

Illicit substance use in pregnancy remains a significant public health problem, which can lead to several harmful maternal and neonatal outcomes. Which drug is being used and the degree of use, as well as the point of exposure, all influence the effects of drug use in pregnancy. In addition to the direct effects of drug exposure in utero, several other variables are associated with deleterious maternal and infant consequences, including psychiatric comorbidity, polysubstance use, limited prenatal care, environmental stressors and disrupted parental care. In conjunction, these factors can negatively influence pregnancy and infant outcomes, and should be taken in to account when interventions and programs for prenatal substance use treatments are developed.

Monday Health Burst is an initiative of CFHI to address issues of basic health concerns. Join us every Monday for more interesting episodes.

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Stroke – Men’s Health Month

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A stroke is also known as a cerebrovascular accident (CVA) or “brain attack.” Dr Benjamin Wedro defines stroke in an article published in 2019 titled “Stroke definition and facts”, as an occurrence when part of the brain loses its blood supply and the part of the body that the blood-deprived brain cells control stops working. This loss of blood supply can be ischemic because of lack of blood flow, or hemorrhagic because of bleeding into brain tissue. A stroke is a medical emergency because strokes can lead to death or permanent disability. According to the World Stroke Organization, there are three main types of strokes: Ischemic stroke, Hemorrhagic stroke and Transient ischemic attack and all involve blood deficiencies in the brain.
Stroke is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and it is likely to worsen in developing countries over the next two decades based on projections by the World Health Organization (WHO). Findings from Komolafe et al in 2015 in their research, “Stroke risk factors among participants of a world stroke day awareness program in South-Western Nigeria” shows that the prevalence of crude stroke in Nigeria is 1.14 per 1000 while the 30-day case fatality rate is as high as 40%. There are over 13.7 million new strokes each year. Globally, one in four people over age 25 will have a stroke in their lifetime; with almost 60% of all strokes occurring in people under 70 years of age. Each year, 8% of all strokes occur in people under 44 years of age, 52% in men and 48% in women. Stroke is the fifth-leading cause of death in men. Men are more likely to have a stroke in their younger years than women, but they’re less likely to die from it, according to the National Institutes of Health (NIH), however, men and women can have some of the same signs and symptoms.
Having a stroke is one of the most frightening prospects of ageing. Strokes can come on suddenly, stealing the use of an arm or the ability to speak. According to a 2019 WebMD publication, about half of all strokes are caused by atherosclerosis — the same process of narrowing and hardening of the arteries that causes heart attacks. Atherosclerosis progresses silently, without symptoms, putting our brains and our independence at risk. Each type of stroke has a different set of potential causes. Generally, however, stroke is more likely to affect a person if they: have overweight or obesity; are 55 years of age or older; have a personal or family history of stroke; have high blood pressure; have diabetes, cholesterol, heart disease, carotid artery disease, or another vascular disease; are sedentary, consume alcohol excessively, smoke, or use illicit drugs.
Stroke treatment depends on the type of stroke. For Ischemic strokes and TIA which are caused by blood clots or other blockages in the brain, use of anticoagulants and clot breaking drugs are used for their treatment. Other treatment options include mechanical thrombectomy, stents and surgery. For hemorrhagic strokes which are caused by bleeds or leaks in the brain, medication, coiling procedure, clamping and surgery are usually done (Healthline, 2019).
Knowing your stroke risk factors, following your doctor’s recommendations and adopting a healthy lifestyle are the best steps you can take to prevent a stroke. If you’ve had a stroke or a transient ischemic attack (TIA), these measures might help prevent another stroke. The follow-up care you receive in the hospital and afterwards also play a vital role.

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The Psychological Effects Of Widowhood

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The Collins dictionary defines a widow as a woman whose spouse has died and who has not married again. On the other hand, widowhood according to the Merriam-Webster dictionary is the fact or state of being a widow. In general, the term widowhood relates only to married couples. However, with the growing incidence of cohabitation, civil unions and partnerships, some countries have broadened the concept of widowhood to include those who have survived the loss of a long-term partner (IPSNews, 2020). The estimated number of widowed persons according to an Inter-State press report for 2020 was approximately 350 million worldwide, with the large majority, approximately 80 per cent, being widowed women.#

In many developing countries, the exact numbers of widows, their ages and other social and economic aspects of their lives are unknown. Almost worldwide, widows comprise a significant proportion of all women, ranging from 7% to 16% of all adult women (UN Division for the Advancement of Women, 2000). However, in some countries and regions, their proportion is far higher. In developed countries, widowhood is experienced primarily by elderly women, while in developing countries it also affects younger women, many of them still catering for their children (Ibid). Irrespective of region, level of development, government, culture, etc., women are substantially more likely to experience widowhood than men. In countries such as China, Nigeria, Pakistan and the United States, where overall widowhood rates are lower, women’s widowhood rates according to an IPS 2020 study, are more than double those of men.

The loss of a spouse is one of the most negative life events, next only to the loss of a child (Bennett et al., 2005). Ironically, the disorganization and trauma that follow the death of a spouse seem to be greater in women than in men whenever either loses their spouse (Fasoranti et al., 2007). Many studies have concluded that a higher rate of mental illness exists among the widowed than their married counterparts. Even a study conducted by Chen et al., (1999) concluded that widows had higher mean levels of traumatic grief, depressive and anxiety symptoms (compared to widowers). Another problem associated with widowhood is loneliness. Many widows live by themselves. They suffer the fear of being alone and loss of self-esteem as women, in addition to the many practical problems related to living alone, they feel the loss of personal contact and human association; therefore, they tend to withdraw and become unresponsive (Fasoranti et al., 2007). The greatest problem in widowhood is still emotional. Even if it had been a bad marriage, the survivor still feels the loss- The role of spouse is lost, social life changes from couple-oriented to association with other single people; and the widowed no longer have the day-in, day-out companionship of the other spouse that had become an intrinsic part of their lives. Behavioural changes are often observed in women after divorce or bereavement. These changes are often overlooked and assumed to be a normal reaction to an adverse life event. It is now known that the changes may be due to an underlying psychiatric disorder.

In all, more attention or awareness needs to be given to women facing psychological issues so that the suffering women may receive appropriate care and treatment.

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HEALTH CONDITIONS ASSOCIATED WITH DRUG ABUSE

Health, Health Communication, Monday Health Burst /

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders fourth edition (DMS-4) defines drug abuse as “a maladaptive pattern of substance use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress.” Drug abuse also known as substance abuse refers to the use of certain chemicals to create pleasurable effects on the brain. Drugs most often used include alcohol, amphetamines, cannabis, cocaine, hallucinogens, and opioids.

Globally, some 35 million people are estimated to suffer from drug use disorder according to the latest World Drug Report, released by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). The report also estimates the number of opioid users at 53 million, up 56 per cent from previous estimates, and that opioids are responsible for two-thirds of the 585,000 people who died as a result of drug use in 2017. According to a survey led by Nigeria’s National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) and the Center for Research and Information on Substance Abuse, over the past year alone, nearly 15% of the adult population in Nigeria (around 14.3 million people) reported a “considerable level” of use of psychoactive drug substances—it’s a rate much higher than the 2016 global average of 5.6% among adults. It showed the highest levels of drug use were recorded among people aged between 25 to 39, with cannabis being the most widely used drug.

Addiction to any substance, whether legal or illegal, can in some cases lead to serious health conditions. The effects of drug abuse according to Medical News Today 2018 publication, depend on the type of drug, any other substances that a person is using, and their health history. Abusing a drug, or misusing prescription medication, can produce other short-term effects, such as changes in appetite, sleeplessness or insomnia, increased heart rate, slurred speech etc. On the other hand, experts have linked chronic drug use with the following health conditions:

  • Cardiovascular disease: Stimulants, such as cocaine and methamphetamines, can damage the heart and blood vessels. The long-term use of these drugs can lead to coronary artery disease, arrhythmia, and heart attack.
  • Respiratory problems: Drugs that people smoke or inhale can damage the respiratory system and lead to chronic respiratory infections and diseases.
  • Kidney damage: The kidneys filter excess minerals and waste products from the blood. Heroin, ketamine and synthetic cannabinoids can cause kidney damage or kidney failure.
  • Liver disease: Chronic drug and alcohol use can damage the liver cells, leading to inflammation, scarring, and even liver failure.
  • Overdose: Taking too much of a drug or taking multiple drugs together can result in an overdose.

Drug addiction is treatable and starts with detox under medical supervision. Family and friends can begin the healing process through group therapy, counselling, and talking to others in peer support groups or meetings and drug addiction forums.

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FOSTERING AN AFRICA FIT FOR CHILDREN

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Africa is the world’s second-largest and second-most-populous continent, after Asia in both cases. With 1.3 billion people as of 2018, it accounts for about 16% of the world’s human population. Africa’s population has rapidly increased over the last 40 years and is consequently relatively young. Over 400 million children are currently living on the African continent – and the number is rising. The United Nations estimates that Africa’s population will double to 2.4 billion by 2050. That’s one-quarter of the world’s population. 40 per cent of all children under the age of five would live in Africa in the middle of the 21st century, according to the prognosis.

Although there are major regional and social differences, children in Africa are the poorest in terms of population. The situation of African kids in sub-Saharan Africa is particularly critical: 33 of the world’s 48 least developed countries are located in this region according to an SOS Children’s villages publication. Africa made great progress in several fields in 2019, including holding peaceful elections in many parts of the continent and increased economic growth. But several unresolved challenges still stagnate any meaningful development in the continent. Challenges like Insecurity, corruption, population growth, unemployment, poor governance, to mention but a few are some of the issues that have left the continent at the bottom rung of the developmental ladder. These issues have snowballed quite dangerously, affecting virtually everyone in the region, children most especially, who become the victims of these developmental setbacks.

This has birthed in earnest the need for African states to prepare to meet the needs of their growing young population, and commit to urgent, concrete actions to protect and promote the rights of all children – now and in future generations.  Only recently, the African Committee of Experts on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (ACERWC) adopted AGENDA 2040, Africa’s Agenda for children: Fostering an Africa Fit for Children.  This agenda emanates from the conclusions of the High-Level Conference to assess the status of the rights of children in Africa 25 years after the adoption of the Charter, this Agenda takes cognizance of the elucidation in Agenda 2063 (paragraph 53) that ‘African children shall be empowered through the full implementation of the African Charter on the Rights of the Child. By nurturing and nourishing its children, the present generation of Africans will promote the growth of the continent and secure its future. (BCN, 2020).  Amongst its 10 major aspirations include, that every child survives and has a healthy childhood; every child grows up well-nourished and with access to the necessities of life; every child benefits fully from quality education; every child is protected against violence, exploitation, neglect and abuse, etc.

A great need to ensure each child is supported to achieve their full potential is becoming paramount as the 22nd-century dawns. Governments of countries can make this possible by firstly eradicating every form of child labour and child trafficking for children’s rights ought to be respected. They can also emphatically enforce policies and national bodies to protect children from abuse, maltreatment, neglect and other forms of violence. Also, the government can put in place programmes that focus on the physical and psychological health of adolescents, with special provisions for girls. Furthermore, legislation to support disabled children; provide improved immunization and nutrition services, and prevent homelessness among children should be enacted. Not forgetting the excluded children in the society from the poorest households who are unable to afford education, talk more of quality education, government and well-meaning civil organizations can make provisions of free education for these.

To commemorate the Day of African Child 2021, Centre for Family Health Initiative (CFHI) will be setting up school libraries in communities where we have our vulnerable children. This will play a great role in the life of the students by serving as the storehouse of knowledge which will enable them to develop an excellent reading habit. This is what CFHI is known for, making impacts.

All this and more would ensure the all-around growth of a robust and fit Africa for the younger generation.

 

 

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World Day Against Child Labour 2021

Child Labour, Child Trafficking /

CHILD ABUSE

Child abuse occurs in different ways and scenarios across the globe with over a 95million children falling victim every year, according to the World Health Organization.  Africa remains the epicentre of this destructive practice which in some cases have been mistaken for discipline and justified by culture. It won’t be too early to mention here that there is a clear-cut difference between child abuse and discipline. Punishment could be essential to instil some set of values in children; however, this sort of punishment is not synonymous with putting the life of a child in danger and any punishment that harm or can harm a child has become an “abuse”.

Also, because sex is related to a temporal anti-depressant and provides relief from stress and pressure, without paying attention to family planning and the use of contraceptives, many children are born out of plan. More often than not, this case is peculiar to indigent families where children become a money-making machine for their parents thereby rendering children’s intellect futile and their emotions of no essence. Oh Yes, Children also have will, intellect and emotions. They are human!

We must consider some type of child abuse, the effect on the child and the effect of this practice on society. Until we come to the acceptance that child abuse is destructive and it happens even when parents are innocently caring for their kids, we may continue to live in the delusion that child abuse is only about sexual molestation and trafficking.

 TYPES OF CHILD ABUSE

  • Physical Abuse: This is often time what many African parents refer to as punishment or discipline. This kind of abuse is characterized by beating and hitting that could be harmful to the child. Contrarily to what parents and guardians think, excessive beating or harming a child has been proven to be counterproductive in the training of a child. “Spanking plants seed of later violent behaviour and spanking doesn’t work”- AskDr.Sears.com
  • Sexual Abuse: This is when an adult has sexual intercourse with a child. Compared to physical abuse, sexual abuse does not usually leave a glaring mark and it is more difficult to identify its victim. Yet, this abuse put children in an extremely traumatized condition.
  • Psychological Abuse: It was earlier mentioned that children also have emotions and would naturally react within them to situations that they perceive as not palatable even though they may not be able to fully express themselves or rebel.

Turning children into money making machine- having them hawk around the street or sending them to a stranger’s house to work for money/food when their mates are in school is abuse that affects children psychologically and can ruin their self-esteem. Children who are quietly forced to live this way may appear unbothered but there’s something in them that yearns for what they are deprived of. All form of neglect and denying children of their basic right, including the opportunity to play may appear negligible but this has a great impact on the well-being and growth of a child.

Also, the kind of names children are called and how they are being addressed as a way of moulding/destroying them. I think I can hear you say what! How?

Shouting at children, calling them bad names and the use of abusive words has been found destructive to the well-being of a child. Even though this might not be measurable, it becomes evident in the lifestyle of a child if not stopped. Signs may include timidity and low self-esteem

EFFECTS OF CHILD ABUSE

The effect of child abuse (of whatever type) on a child is numerous, all of which can result in mental health problem. Mental health problem is a condition yet to be given utmost attention to in Africa and our silence on this is causing us more harm than good. Statistics revealed that 1 out of every 10 children and young people suffer mental health problem as a result of their responses to their daily lives. Facts gathered by Mental Health Foundation from the World Health Organization and various researches show that “20% of adolescents may experience a mental health problem in any given year. 50% of mental health problems are established by age 14. 10% of children and young people (aged 5 -16 years) have a clinically diagnosable mental problem, yet 70% of children and adolescent who experience mental health problems have not had appropriate interventions at a sufficiently early age”.

THE GOODNEWS!

The interesting thing about child abuse is that “it is not an accident, hence, it is controllable”. Here are a few ways:

  • Love – Love is a language everyone understands, including children. Disciplining children in love without harm or bruise is effective in instilling in them moral values that are essential for attaining a beautiful future.
  • Plan for your children – The potency of a man and fertility of a woman is not tested by the number of children. Have the number of children you can cater for. Children rejoice when they have access to basic things and “their joy is not tied to the quantity or the luxury but the access and enjoyment”.
  • Befriend them – Often time adults act like they were never a child or tend to pretend like they were “holy children”. Until children know you will understand their plight, they won’t talk to you/confide in you. Children are not as ignorant as many adults think, they only shrink back out of fear and respect. When they need to talk, you should come to their mind as a parent/guardian.
  • Be Peaceful – Live at peace with your spouse and the people around you. Children learn more from what they see than what they hear. When violence is seeing as a norm around them, they may not be able to tell when they are being abused and/or become abusive. It doesn’t matter what you tell them, they are watching you!

The list cannot be covered in this article but you must be aware of child abuse, the effects and how you can contribute your quota to see that children live and live well. The effect of child abuse on society at large is enormous.

Before a family (and a Nation) can boast of a successful succession plan and an assured posterity, the quality of life and well-being of her adolescent must be evaluated.

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Men’s Reproductive Health

Men, Men's Health, Reproductive Health /
Reproductive health is an important component of men’s overall health and well-being. Too often, males have been overlooked in discussions of reproductive health, especially when reproductive issues such as contraception and infertility have been perceived as female-related. Every day, men, their partners, and health care providers can protect their reproductive health by ensuring effective contraception, avoiding sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), and preserving fertility (National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 2016). The recognized most common issues of male’s reproductive health are Contraception, avoiding sexually transmitted diseases and Infertility/fertility. One may ask why Men’s Reproductive Health is a matter of concern. According to Cummings (2020), research shows that a man’s health before conception can damage sperm in such a way that it affects his offsprings’ health. This may include behaviours such as alcohol and drug use, smoking and lifestyle choices, medications or his exposure to chemicals at home, work, and in the environment. There is increasing evidence that damaged sperm can affect pregnancy outcomes, from miscarriage and birth weight to birth defects and childhood illnesses. There is a growing body of study which is focused on damage in spermatozoa and the effects of ageing on male reproductive health. According to Selvaratnam and Robaire (2019) Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-damaged sperm is the cause of conditions ranging from spontaneous abortion to congenital malformations and genetic defects in children. it is important to pay more attention to men’s reproductive health because it has the potential to improve men’s lives and the lives of their children (Cummings, 2020).  Men can boost their reproductive health by having a healthy lifestyle and maintaining a balanced diet. This may include among others exercising regularly, getting enough vitamin C & D, relaxing and minimizing stress, getting enough zinc, quitting smoking and excessive drinking etc. Society can foster an environment where men pay better attention to their health by raising awareness towards acknowledging first that men have certain reproductive health needs and secondly that these needs need to be catered to. Also, Federal health agencies and professional medical associations can develop Information, Education and Communication (IEC) materials to educate the public about men’s health and how it can potentially affect their children’s health.   Truly as stated by Cummings, paying more attention to men’s reproductive health has the potential to improve life for this generation and for generations to come.

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SPEAK WEDNESDAY

Child Trafficking, Gender Equality, Speak Wednesday /

GIRL CHILD LABOUR

Girls play multiple roles in the household, society and the economy. They go to school, help with housework, work in factories, make friends, care for elder and younger family members and prepare themselves to take on the responsibilities of adulthood. Upholding the rights of the girl child has seen increased support through the nearly global adoption of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, as well as through the UN Millennium Development Goals target of increasing equality between girls’ and boys’ educational attainment. Though life for the girl child is steadily improving, many are still subjected to horrific practices. While child labour is an infringement of the rights of all children – boys and girls alike – girls often start working at an earlier age than boys, especially in the rural areas where most working children are found.

The International Labor Organization (ILO) defines Child labour as hazardous work, demands too many hours, or is performed by children who are too young. Child labour is one of the most monumental issues in Nigeria, a country with a developing economy, affecting a large portion of the country’s children up to age 17. A joint report issued in February by Nigeria’s National Bureau of Statistics, United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) along with several other organizations opine that more than half of Nigeria’s 79 million children between the ages of 5 and 17 are put to work, including in hazardous conditions and about 30% of child workers do not even receive compensation.

Furthermore, the 2020 International Labor Organisation report states that the main reasons for the emergence of girl child labour in countries like Nigeria are unhealthy family life and economic deprivation. Families strained by financial difficulties cannot cope with the increasing demands of their children and sometimes even fail to provide them with adequate nutrition. This appears to be the reason children look for their sources of income. In socially disadvantaged, alcoholic or morally bankrupt families, pecuniary challenges are often coupled with destructive dynamics in the relationships. These factors combine to spur children into the street, temporarily or permanently, leading them to a vagrant existence, required too early to make independent decisions. Economic hardships and family dysfunction can therefore be named as the main causes of child labour.

For a Girl child, the consequences of child labour are staggering because they oftentimes result in extreme bodily and mental harm, and even death. It can lead to slavery and sexual or economic exploitation. And in nearly every case, it cuts children off from schooling and health care, restricting their fundamental rights and threatening their futures. Trafficked children are often subjected to violence, abuse and other human rights violations. And some may be forced to break the law, while for most girls; the threat of sexual exploitation looms large.

Although there are a lot of social programs and established policies claiming to address child labour in Nigeria yet there are policy gaps that exist that hinder efforts to address child labour and lack of evidence to address all relevant worst forms of child labour (Bureau of International Labour Affairs, 2019). According to ILO (2020), the basis of the elimination of the worst forms of child labour within a relatively short time frame must be legislation, which keeps the total elimination of child labour as the ultimate goal of policy, but which explicitly identifies and prohibits the worst forms of child labour to be eliminated as a matter of priority. Such legislation must also provide adequate sanctions for violators and adequate compensation for victims, and be rigorously and impartially enforced.

For a country which has an alarming number of child labour, a review of the legal framework of child labour which should include pertinent issues surrounding the worst forms of child labour especially those relating to girls be encouraged. Also, mechanisms enforcing existing protections for children be created and strictly enforced with proper coordinating bodies carrying out their mandates as intended.

Speak Wednesday is an initiative of the Centre for Family Health Initiative (CFHI) to address issues around gender-based violence and gender bias. Join us every Wednesday on all our social media platforms for more interesting episodes.

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MEN’S MENTAL HEALTH

Health, Men's Health, Mental Health /

Men's Mental Health

Mental health refers to cognitive, behavioural, and emotional well-being. It is all about how people think, feel, and behave. People sometimes use the term “mental health” to mean the absence of a mental disorder. According to the World Health Organization (WHO): “Mental health is a state of well-being in which an individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community.” Mental and behavioural disorders affect people of all countries and societies, regardless of age, gender and income and it is not uncommon in Nigeria, yet there is still considerable neglect of mental health, and those who visibly suffer from mental illness are largely stigmatized. With an estimated population of 200 million Nigerians, human resources for mental health are scant at best. The stigma and lack of awareness around mental health produce particularly marked results for men. It is an important yet overlooked health concern. According to Mental Health Foundation (2020), “Men are often expected to be the breadwinners and to be strong, dominant and in control. While these aren’t inherently bad things, they can make it harder for men to reach out for help and open up. Some research also suggests that men who can’t speak openly about their emotions may be less able to recognize symptoms of mental health problems in themselves, and less likely to reach out for support”. So, due to a number of factors including social norms, upbringing and the role models men are presented with, some men’s mental health issues have gone unrecognized for a long time. Worldwide, even though more women are reported to suffer depression than men, men are more likely to die by suicide compared to women. Nigerian men, like many across the world, often bottle up emotions that cause mental stress. These often lead to taking up unhealthy ways of dealing with stress such as smoking, drinking excessively or compulsive spending. (Nigeria Health Watch, 2020). According to a 2019 Mental Help publication, a range of factors can contribute to the development of mental health issues in men, such as:
  • Substance abuse: Men may be more likely to use drugs or alcohol as a means of coping with mental health issues, though such ‘self-medication’ can make things worse in the long run.
  • Poor working conditions or a high workload: Work stress and a lack of social support have been associated with a higher likelihood of mental health issues in men.
  • Traditional gender roles: This can include feeling pressure to be a provider or societal norms that discourage men from talking about their feelings.
  • Financial issues: Economic factors are a top cause of stress for many people and could play a role in the development of certain mental health disorders.
  • Loss of work: Unemployment and retirement are associated with an increased risk of depression in men. One in 7 men who lose their jobs become depressed.
  • Separation and divorce: Often, men tend to see themselves as being providers and the ones to keep the family happy. Depression is more prevalent and more severe among divorced men.
As a society, it is important that we increase awareness on mental health, especially for men-changing those traditional beliefs that come with mental health issues by breaking down the stigma around this topic. It is also critical to encourage men to be able to ask for help as it doesn’t in any way belittle their masculinity and the need for more safe spaces for men to talk about their mental health struggles be encouraged.

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