cfhinitiative

MONDAY HEALTH BURST ON ATTENTION DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER(ADHD)-SYMPTOMS AND CAUSES

Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects both children and adults. Characterized by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, ADHD can significantly impact an individual’s daily functioning, academic or professional performance, and social relationships. With increasing awareness, it is important to understand the symptoms, diagnosis, and management strategies for ADHD to provide the necessary support and improve quality of life for those affected.

Symptoms of ADHD

ADHD symptoms are typically grouped into two categories: inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity. While individuals may present symptoms from either category, many experience a combination of both.

Inattention:

Difficulty sustaining attention during tasks or play.
Frequent careless mistakes in schoolwork or work-related activities.
Easily distracted by external stimuli.
Difficulty organizing tasks and managing time.
Often avoids or dislikes tasks requiring sustained mental effort.
Frequently loses items like keys, books, or homework.

Hyperactivity and Impulsivity:

Inability to sit still or remain seated in appropriate situations.
Excessive fidgeting or tapping.
Frequently interrupts conversations or intrudes on others’ activities.
Talks excessively or blurts out answers before questions are completed.
Difficulty waiting their turn, whether in conversation or during activities.
These symptoms often appear before the age of 12, and for a diagnosis of ADHD, they must be present in multiple settings (e.g., home, school, or work) and impact the individual’s social or occupational functioning.

Causes and Risk Factors

The exact cause of ADHD is not well understood, but research suggests that it is a combination of genetic, environmental, and neurological factors. Key factors include:

Genetic Factors: ADHD tends to run in families, indicating a strong genetic component. Studies show that children with a parent or sibling with ADHD are at a higher risk of developing the condition.

Neurological Differences: Differences in brain structure and function, particularly in areas involved in attention, self-control, and planning, have been observed in individuals with ADHD.

Prenatal and Early Life Factors: Exposure to tobacco, alcohol, or drugs during pregnancy, premature birth, low birth weight, and exposure to environmental toxins (e.g., lead) during infancy may increase the risk of ADHD.

ADHD is a complex disorder that requires a nuanced approach to diagnosis and treatment. Greater awareness and understanding can help break down the stigma around ADHD and lead to more effective support systems for those affected. Whether through behavioral interventions, medication, or tailored educational strategies, individuals with ADHD can achieve their full potential and enjoy a fulfilling life. With continued research and advocacy, society can create an environment where those with ADHD thrive alongside their peers.

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SPEAK WEDNESDAY ON THE MENTAL HEALTH IMPACT OF GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE

Gender-based violence (GBV) has severe mental health consequences, leaving lasting emotional scars that go beyond physical harm. Survivors of GBV, including intimate partner violence and sexual assault, are at a higher risk of developing mental health disorders like post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and anxiety. According to the World Health Organization, women who experience violence are twice as likely to suffer from depression. Feelings of shame, fear, and isolation often compound their trauma, leading to further mental health deterioration.

Moreover, women often face gender bias when seeking mental health care, leading to their trauma being overlooked or misinterpreted. This can delay treatment or cause women to avoid seeking help altogether. A study by García-Moreno et al. (2015) found that healthcare systems frequently fail to provide adequate support for women experiencing GBV, particularly in addressing their mental health needs. This bias exacerbates the stigma surrounding both mental health and gender-based violence, leaving many women without the resources to heal.

Ending GBV is not only crucial for women’s physical safety but also for their mental well-being. By eradicating violence against women, we eliminate a major source of trauma that fuels mental health disorders like depression and PTSD. Ensuring women live free from violence is the first step toward ending the mental health crises caused by GBV. When societies address the root causes of GBV and promote trauma-informed care, women can begin to heal, both physically and mentally. Ending GBV is, therefore, a vital step toward improving women’s overall mental health and creating a world where they can thrive.

Speak Wednesday is an initiative of CFHI to address issues around gender-based violence and gender bias.

#SpeakWednesday #EndGBV #MentalHealthMatters #SupportSurvivors #BreakTheSilence #GenderEquality #GenderBias

REFERENCES:

1. García-Moreno, C., Hegarty, K., d’Oliveira, A. F., Koziol-McLain, J., Colombini, M., & Feder, G. (2015). The health-systems response to violence against women. The Lancet, 385(9977), 1567-1579.

2. World Health Organization. (2017). Violence against women. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/violence-against-women

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MONDAY HEALTH BURST ON SICKLE CELL DISEASE: LIFE EXPECTANCY AND RISK FACTORS FOR DEATH

Monday Health Burst / cfhinitiative

There is a sickle cell disease (SCD) myth which says that persons with SCD do not live past the age of 21. However, the most recent study (CDC/NCHS, 2013) implies that half of males born with SCD will survive to 78 years and half of females will survive to age 83 years.

The New England Journal of Medicine states that the peak incidence of death among children with sickle cell anemia occur between 1 and 3 years of age, but this can to a large extent be prevented if newborns are screened and the prophylactic penicillin is administered early to infants with SCD.

The prominent risk factors for death with persons with SCD are acute chest syndrome, renal failure, seizures, a base-line white-cell count above 15,000 cells per cubic millimeter, and a low level of fetal hemoglobin, but with more awareness and early detection, serious complications may be prevented as SCD patients can obtain information on how to manage the disease.

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EQUAL PAY FOR EQUAL WORK: THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF GENDER BIAS AND DISCRIMINATION

Gender Equality, Speak Wednesday, Women's Rights / cfhinitiative

Gender bias and discrimination are deep-rooted issues in many workplaces around the world. One of the most visible ways these problems show up is through the gender pay gap. This means that women often earn less than men for doing the same work. Despite growing awareness and advocacy, women in Nigeria, like in many other parts of the world, still face significant pay disparities. These differences in pay have wide-reaching effects, not just on individuals but on businesses and the broader economy.

Women frequently occupy lower-paying roles in fields like services and education, while men dominate higher-paying positions in areas such as engineering and finance. The impact of this pay gap goes beyond individual earnings. When women feel they are being treated unfairly, their job satisfaction and productivity can suffer. If they are not getting paid equally for their work, they might feel less motivated and engaged. Research has shown that when companies address these pay gaps and ensure fairness, employees are more satisfied and work harder, which can boost overall business performance.

Moreover, the economic impact extends to families and the nation. Many women in Nigeria are heads of households, and lower wages mean they face greater financial challenges, affecting their access to essential services like healthcare and education. According to the International Labour Organization (ILO), the gender pay gap worsens poverty levels and limits access to crucial resources such as education and healthcare for women and their families. Research from McKinsey & Company also indicates that closing the gender pay gap could significantly reduce poverty and improve living standards.

On a larger scale, addressing the pay gap could benefit the economy. Equal pay would enable women to contribute more effectively, boosting consumer spending and economic productivity. Companies with equitable pay practices also perform better financially, showcasing the broader benefits of addressing gender bias.

Nigeria has laws aimed at promoting equal pay, but enforcement remains a challenge due to cultural biases and systemic barriers. To make real progress, organisations need to regularly review pay practices, promote transparency, and support women’s career advancement. Offering flexible work options and encouraging fair salary negotiations can also help mitigate biases related to caregiving responsibilities.

In conclusion, tackling the gender pay gap is crucial for a nation’s economic and social progress. Ensuring equal pay for equal work benefits everyone—individuals, businesses, and the economy. Addressing these disparities is a crucial step toward creating a more just and inclusive society.

Speak Wednesday is an initiative of CFHI to address issues around gender-based violence and gender bias.

#SpeakWednesday #InternationalEqualPayDay #EqualPay #WomenEmpowerment #EqualityForAll #GenderEquality #GenderBias

References:

– McKinsey & Company. (2020). Diversity Wins: How Inclusion Matters. Retrieved from [McKinsey Report] (https://www.mckinsey.com)

– International Labour Organization. (2018). Global Wage Report 2018/19: What Lies Behind Gender Pay Gaps? Retrieved from [ILO Report] (https://www.ilo.org).

– World Economic Forum. (2023). Global Gender Gap Report 2023. Retrieved from [World Economic Forum] (https://www.weforum.org).

– Catalyst. (2022). The Bottom Line: Connecting Corporate Performance and Gender Diversity. Retrieved from [Catalyst] (https://www.catalyst.org).

– McKinsey Global Institute. (2015). The Power of Parity: How Advancing Women’s Equality Can Add $12 Trillion to Global Growth. Retrieved from [McKinsey Global Institute] (https://www.mckinsey.com).

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SPEAK WEDNESDAY ON THE ROLE OF LITERACY IN COMBATING GENDER BASED VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN

Gender Based Violence, Girl Education, Speak Wednesday, Women Education / cfhinitiative

Gender-based violence (GBV) is a serious issue affecting millions of women worldwide. It includes physical, sexual, emotional, and psychological harm, often linked to deep-rooted gender inequalities. While legal reforms and social programs are crucial in tackling GBV, one of the most powerful tools in this fight is literacy. Improving literacy, especially among women, can play a critical role in reducing GBV and addressing the broader issue of gender bias.
How Literacy Can Help Reduce Gender-Based Violence

1. Awareness and Empowerment
Literacy gives women the ability to access information about their rights and the resources available to help them. Many women who experience violence are unaware of their legal protections or how to seek help. By being able to read and write, women can better understand their options and take steps to escape abusive situations. Literacy also provides a sense of confidence and self-worth, helping women stand up against violence and assert their rights.

2. Shifting Cultural Norms
Cultural attitudes that reinforce gender inequality are a major driver of GBV. Literacy plays a role in challenging these harmful norms. Educated women are more likely to question practices such as child marriage, domestic abuse, and gender discrimination. Men who are educated also tend to have more respect for women and are less likely to engage in violent behaviour. In societies where literacy programs are introduced, there is often a noticeable shift toward gender equality and lower rates of GBV.

3. Economic Independence
One of the reasons many women remain in abusive relationships is their financial dependence on their abusers. Literacy can change this by improving women’s access to better job opportunities and giving them the skills to manage their own finances. When women can earn an income and support themselves, they are less vulnerable to violence and more capable of leaving abusive situations.

4. Creating Safe Spaces for Women
Literacy programs often serve as community hubs where women can come together to learn and share experiences. These programs can also be platforms to discuss sensitive issues like GBV in a safe, supportive environment. By raising awareness of GBV and providing practical solutions, such as legal advice and access to shelters, these programs help women seek the support they need.
Literacy is more than just the ability to read and write—it is a tool for empowerment, economic independence, and social change. When women are literate, they are better equipped to challenge violence, defend their rights, and break free from abusive relationships. As a key part of the fight against gender-based violence, literacy programs offer a path to safety and equality for women everywhere.
Speak Wednesday is an initiative of CFHI to address issues around gender-based violence and gender bias.

References:
1. World Health Organization (2021). Violence against women prevalence estimates. Available at: https://www.who.int
2. UNESCO (2020). Education transforms lives. Available at: https://en.unesco.org/themes/education

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MONDAY HEALTH BURST ON SICKLE CELL DISEASE IN PREGNANCY

Monday Health Burst / cfhinitiative

Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is a genetic blood disorder characterized by the production of abnormal hemoglobin, known as hemoglobin S, which causes red blood cells to assume a rigid, sickle-like shape. These sickle-shaped cells are less flexible and can block blood flow in small blood vessels, leading to pain, organ damage, and increased risk of infection. While SCD presents significant challenges for individuals throughout their lives, pregnancy adds an additional layer of complexity, requiring careful management to ensure the health and safety of both mother and child.

Pregnancy in women with Sickle Cell Disease is considered high-risk due to the potential complications that can arise. The disease can affect almost every aspect of pregnancy, from conception to delivery, with the most common issues including:

Painful Crises: Sickle cell crises, also known as vaso-occlusive episodes, can occur more frequently during pregnancy. These crises are characterized by intense pain, often in the bones, joints, and abdomen, and are caused by the blockage of blood vessels by sickled cells. The stress of pregnancy, along with physiological changes, can trigger these episodes, posing risks to both the mother and the fetus.

Anemia: While anemia is common in all pregnancies, it can be more severe in women with SCD. The sickled red blood cells have a shorter lifespan, leading to chronic anemia, which can worsen during pregnancy. Severe anemia increases the risk of complications such as preterm birth, low birth weight, and intrauterine growth restriction.

Preeclampsia: Women with SCD are at a higher risk of developing preeclampsia, a condition characterized by high blood pressure and damage to other organs, most often the liver and kidneys. Preeclampsia can be life-threatening for both mother and baby if not managed properly, and it may necessitate early delivery.

Infections: SCD increases susceptibility to infections, including urinary tract infections (UTIs) and respiratory infections, which can complicate pregnancy. The spleen, often damaged or non-functional in individuals with SCD, plays a key role in fighting infections, making these women more vulnerable during pregnancy.

Fetal Complications: The fetus is also at risk when the mother has SCD. There is an increased likelihood of miscarriage, stillbirth, preterm delivery, and low birth weight. Moreover, there is a risk that the child may inherit SCD or be born with the sickle cell trait if both parents carry the gene.

Given the potential risks, it is crucial for pregnant women with SCD to receive specialized care from a multidisciplinary team, including obstetricians, hematologists, and pediatricians. The management of SCD during pregnancy involves several key strategies: preconception counseling, regular monitoring, pain management, prevention and treatment of infections, management of anemia, and delivery planning.

Sickle Cell Disease presents significant challenges during pregnancy, but with careful management and comprehensive care, many women with SCD can have successful pregnancies and deliver healthy babies. Early intervention, regular monitoring, and a multidisciplinary approach are key to minimizing risks and ensuring the best possible outcomes. Awareness and education about SCD in pregnancy are vital to empowering women with the knowledge and resources they need to navigate this journey safely.


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THE ROLE OF EDUCATION IN ADDRESSING GENDER BIAS: WHY LITERACY MATTERS FOR EVERY GIRL
		
			Female Roles in Nation Building, Gender Based Violence, Girl Education, Speak Wednesday / 			
				
				cfhinitiative			
			
		

		
		

					
				Education is a game-changer, especially for girls. Across the world, millions of girls are held back by gender bias, often missing out on school because of outdated beliefs that prioritize boys’ education. However, the reality is that when girls receive an education, it not only transforms their own lives but also positively impacts their families and entire communities.
Literacy is more than just the ability to read and write; it is a gateway to empowerment and independence. Educated girls are more likely to delay marriage, have healthier children, and earn better incomes. According to UNICEF, when a girl is educated, she has the power to transform her life and lift her community out of poverty.
Moreover, educated women are more likely to advocate for their rights and challenge harmful gender norms. The World Health Organization (WHO) notes that mothers with an education are better equipped to keep their families healthy, which means fewer child deaths and stronger communities.

Schools can be the front line in the fight against gender bias. Education can challenge stereotypes by teaching both boys and girls the importance of equality and respect. When children learn about gender equality early on, they grow up to be adults who value and promote it. -UNESCO
Every girl deserves the chance to learn. When we invest in girls’ education, we invest in a brighter, more equal future for everyone. It’s time to break down the barriers and make sure every girl, everywhere, gets the education she deserves.

Speak Wednesday is an initiative of CFHI to address issues around gender-based violence and gender bias.
References

•	UNICEF. (2022). Why Girls’ Education Matters.

•	WHO. (2021). Women’s Health and Education.

•	UNESCO. (2020). COVID-19 and Education: The Road to Recovery.

•	UNESCO. (2019). Gender Equality in Education: A Key to Social Progress.

			
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MONDAY HEALTH BURST ON SICKLE CELL OVERVIEW – SYMPTOMS AND TYPES
		
			Monday Health Burst / 			
				
				cfhinitiative			
			
		

		
		

					
				Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a group of inherited blood disorders that primarily affects the structure and function of hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the body. Individuals with SCD have abnormal hemoglobin, known as hemoglobin S, which causes red blood cells to become rigid, sticky, and crescent-shaped, resembling a sickle. These deformed cells can obstruct blood flow, leading to a range of complications and symptoms.
Types of Sickle Cell Disease

Sickle cell disease encompasses several related conditions, the most common of which include:
	Sickle Cell Anemia (HbSS):

This is the most severe form of SCD and occurs when an individual inherits two sickle cell genes (one from each parent). The red blood cells primarily contain hemoglobin S, leading to frequent complications.
	Sickle Hemoglobin-C Disease (HbSC):

This type occurs when an individual inherits one sickle cell gene and one gene for hemoglobin C. Hemoglobin C is another abnormal form of hemoglobin, but it’s less severe than hemoglobin S. People with HbSC generally have milder symptoms compared to those with HbSS, though they can still experience significant health issues.
	Sickle Beta-Plus Thalassemia (HbSβ+):

This form results from the inheritance of one sickle cell gene and one gene for beta-thalassemia, a condition that reduces the production of hemoglobin. The severity of symptoms in HbSβ+ can vary, but they are typically milder than HbSS.
	Sickle Beta-Zero Thalassemia (HbSβ0):

This is another form of SCD where the individual inherits one sickle cell gene and one gene for beta-thalassemia. In HbSβ0, the beta-thalassemia gene causes little to no hemoglobin production, making this condition as severe as HbSS.
The symptoms of SCD vary depending on the specific type, but there are common manifestations that many individuals with the condition experience:
Anemia:

The sickle-shaped cells are fragile and prone to breaking apart, leading to a shortage of red blood cells (anemia). This can result in fatigue, weakness, and paleness.
Pain Crises:

Known as vaso-occlusive crises, these episodes occur when sickled red blood cells block blood flow through tiny blood vessels, causing severe pain. Pain can occur in various parts of the body, including the chest, abdomen, and joints.
Swelling of Hands and Feet:

Also known as dactylitis, this symptom is common in infants and young children. It is caused by sickled cells blocking blood flow in the small bones of the hands and feet.
Frequent Infections:

SCD can damage the spleen, an organ that helps fight infections. This makes individuals with SCD more susceptible to infections, particularly pneumonia.

Delayed Growth and Puberty:

Due to chronic anemia and lack of oxygen-rich blood, children with SCD may grow more slowly and reach puberty later than their peers.
Vision Problems:

Sickle cells can block tiny blood vessels in the eyes, leading to damage to the retina and causing vision issues.
Acute Chest Syndrome:

This is a life-threatening complication resembling pneumonia, where sickled cells block blood vessels in the lungs, causing chest pain, fever, and difficulty breathing.
Stroke:

Children and adults with SCD are at risk of stroke due to blocked blood flow to parts of the brain. This can result in severe neurological complications.
Sickle cell disease is a complex and serious condition that requires ongoing medical care and attention. While there is no universal cure, treatments such as pain management, blood transfusions, and bone marrow transplants can help manage symptoms and prevent complications. Advances in research and therapies continue to improve the quality of life for those living with this challenging disease.

			
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SPEAK WEDNESDAY ON EMPOWERING WOMEN THROUGH HUMANITARIAN ACTIONS
		
			Speak Wednesday / 			
				
				cfhinitiative			
			
		

		
		

					
				The empowerment of women has become a central theme in global humanitarian efforts, with the recognition that gender equality is fundamental to achieving sustainable development. Organizations around the world are implementing diverse programs aimed at enhancing the economic, social, and health outcomes for women, particularly in vulnerable communities. 
Women’s empowerment is a critical driver of social and economic progress. Empowering women not only improves their own well-being but also contributes to the health and prosperity of entire communities. According to the World Bank, when women are empowered, they are more likely to invest in their families, leading to better educational outcomes and improved health for future generations.

Economic empowerment is a foundational aspect of many humanitarian efforts aimed at women. Programs that provide skill development, financial resources, and entrepreneurial opportunities help women break the cycle of poverty. 
The Centre for Family Health Initiative (CFHI) has been instrumental in addressing the socioeconomic challenges faced by vulnerable communities in Nigeria. Through strategic partnerships and interventions such as the REAP project, the 4GATES project, ACHIEVE project, and the MICSEP project, CFHI, in collaboration with the U.S Embassy, Abuja, Catholic Caritas Foundation of Nigeria. Institute of Human Virology, Nigeria (IHVN), and Global Philanthropy Alliance (GPA) has made significant strides in transforming lives, especially among vulnerable women, by providing them with the tools and resources necessary to break the cycle of poverty.
Speak Wednesday is an initiative of CFHI to address issues around gender-based violence and gender bias.
REFERENCES

1.	World Bank. (2021). “Empowering Women: Key to Economic Growth and Social Development.” Retrieved from World Bank website.

2.	UNESCO. (2020). “Education for Women and Girls.” Retrieved from UNESCO website.

3.	Retrieved from https://www.cfhinitiative.org/ongoing-projects/.

4.	Retrieved from  (CFHI, n.d.)

			
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MONDAY HEALTH BURST ON BREAST CANCER OVERVIEW-CAUSES AND SYMPTOMS
		
			Monday Health Burst, WHO, World Breastfeeding Week / 			
				
				cfhinitiative			
			
		

		
		

					
				Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers affecting women worldwide, with significant impact on health, families, and communities.¹
Breast cancer occurs when cells in the breast tissue begin to grow uncontrollably, forming a tumor that can be felt as a lump or detected through imaging. While most breast cancers are invasive, meaning they have spread from the original ducts or lobules into surrounding breast tissue, there are also non-invasive types that remain confined to the ducts or lobules.
Causes and Risk Factors
The exact cause of breast cancer is not fully understood, but several risk factors have been identified. Approximately 5-10% of breast cancers are linked to inherited gene mutations, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2. Women with these mutations have a significantly higher risk of developing breast cancer.² Also, prolonged exposure to estrogen and progesterone, whether through early menstruation, late menopause, or hormone replacement therapy, can increase the risk of breast cancer. Additional risk factors are:
Age: The risk of breast cancer increases with age, with most cases diagnosed in women over 50.
Family History: Women with a close relative (mother, sister, daughter) who has had breast cancer are at higher risk.
Lifestyle Factors: Smoking, alcohol consumption, obesity, and lack of physical activity are modifiable risk factors that can contribute to breast cancer development.
Radiation Exposure: Women who have been exposed to radiation, particularly to the chest area, have an increased risk of breast cancer.
Early detection of breast cancer significantly improves the chances of successful treatment. However, symptoms can vary widely, and some women may not experience any noticeable symptoms at all. Common signs to watch for include:
Lump in the Breast or Underarm: A persistent lump or thickening in the breast or underarm area is often the first sign of breast cancer. Not all lumps are cancerous, but they should be evaluated by a healthcare professional.
Changes in Breast Shape or Size: Any unexplained change in the shape, size, or appearance of the breast should be taken seriously.
Nipple Changes: This includes inversion (pulling inward of the nipple), discharge (other than breast milk), or unusual scaling or redness.
Skin Changes: Dimpling, puckering, or redness of the skin over the breast, as well as any changes in texture, can be symptoms of breast cancer.
Breast Pain: While breast pain is more commonly associated with benign conditions, persistent or unexplained pain should be investigated.
Awareness of the causes and symptoms of breast cancer is key to early detection and successful treatment. Regular self-examinations, clinical breast exams, and mammograms are essential tools for catching breast cancer early. If you notice any changes in your breast, it is important to consult with a healthcare provider promptly. Understanding your risk factors and leading a healthy lifestyle can also help reduce the risk of developing breast cancer.
References

https://www.wcrf.org/cancer-trends/breast-cancer-statistics/
https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer/risk-and-prevention/breast-cancer-risk-factors-you-cannot-change.html


 
			
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