Monday Health Burst

MONDAY HEALTH BURST ON THE HEALTH IMPLICATIONS OF GENDER BASED VIOLENCE

Leave a Comment / Gender Based Violence, Gender Equality, Monday Health Burst / cfhinitiative

Gender-Based Violence (GBV) is a grave human rights violation with profound and far-reaching effects on the health and well-being of individuals and communities. It manifests in various forms, including physical, sexual, psychological, and economic harm, stemming from entrenched gender norms and power imbalances. The impact of GBV extends beyond the immediate survivors, affecting public health systems, economic productivity, and societal stability.

The physical consequences of GBV are often severe and enduring. Survivors frequently suffer injuries such as fractures, bruises, burns, and, in cases of sexual violence, sexually transmitted infections, unintended pregnancies, and complications like pelvic inflammatory disease and chronic pain. For pregnant women, GBV can lead to miscarriage, preterm labor, and low birth weight, posing risks to both maternal and child health. These physical effects often require extensive medical attention, straining healthcare resources.

An illustrative example is an intervention by the Centre for Family Health Initiative (CFHI), where a maid who was molested by her caregiver suffered severe damage to her genital organs. CFHI provided critical medical assistance, ensuring she received treatment until her full recovery. This case highlights the physical devastation of GBV and the vital role of timely medical intervention in mitigating long-term harm.

The psychological toll of GBV is equally devastating. Survivors commonly experience anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and, in many cases, suicidal thoughts or behaviors. The trauma inflicted by abuse often disrupts cognitive and emotional functioning, leading to difficulties in personal relationships, social interactions, and daily activities. For children exposed to GBV, the consequences are particularly alarming, as they may develop behavioral problems, emotional distress, and long-term mental health challenges that can persist into adulthood.

In addition to mental health impacts, GBV has dire effects on reproductive and sexual health. Survivors of sexual violence face heightened risks of infections, including HIV/AIDS, as well as unintended pregnancies and complications from unsafe abortions. The stigma associated with such violence often deters survivors from seeking necessary medical attention, exacerbating health problems, and deepening feelings of isolation and shame.

Beyond individual health outcomes, the public health implications of GBV are vast. Healthcare systems are often overwhelmed by the demand for services, including medical treatment and psychological support for survivors. Maternal mortality rates, the spread of sexually transmitted infections, and the intergenerational transmission of trauma further strain public health infrastructures.

The societal and economic costs of GBV are equally alarming. Survivors may lose their livelihoods due to physical or psychological impairments, contributing to decreased productivity and financial instability. This not only affects individuals and their families but also undermines national development, perpetuating cycles of poverty and inequality. The economic burden of GBV, which includes healthcare costs, legal expenses, and lost workforce participation, highlights the urgency of addressing this pervasive issue.

To mitigate the impact of GBV, a multifaceted approach is essential. Governments must enforce robust legal frameworks to protect survivors and prosecute perpetrators, while healthcare providers must integrate GBV screening and survivor-centered care into their services. Community-level interventions are critical for challenging harmful gender norms and fostering awareness, creating an environment where GBV is recognized and condemned. Providing accessible support systems, such as counseling, safe shelters, and legal aid, is equally vital to helping survivors rebuild their lives.

The health impacts of GBV underscore its significance as a public health crisis that requires immediate and sustained action. Addressing the root causes of GBV and providing comprehensive care for survivors is not just a moral imperative but a societal necessity. By prioritizing the fight against GBV, societies can promote health, equality, and well-being for all, paving the way for a more just and equitable future.

Reference:

Gender based violence is a public health issue: using a health systems approach

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MONDAY HEALTH BURST ON PREVENTING UTIs: WHY TOILET HYGIENE MATTERS

Monday Health Burst, WHO / cfhinitiative

Preventing urinary tract infections (UTIs) begins with understanding the importance of toilet hygiene. UTIs, a common health issue affecting millions globally, occur when harmful bacteria enter the urinary system, causing discomfort, pain, and potentially severe complications like kidney infections. Poor toilet hygiene is a leading cause of UTIs, as it can introduce bacteria, such as Escherichia coli (E. coli), from the digestive tract into the urinary system. Practices like improper wiping or neglecting to wash hands after using the restroom significantly increase the risk of infection.

To reduce the likelihood of UTIs, it’s essential to adopt proper hygiene practices. Wiping from front to back prevents bacteria from the anal area from reaching the urethra, while thorough handwashing eliminates germs that could spread to other surfaces or the body. Keeping the genital area clean and dry is equally important since damp environments encourage bacterial growth. Regularly cleaning toilets, whether at home or in public spaces, also minimizes exposure to harmful bacteria. Avoiding the habit of holding urine is crucial, as regular urination flushes out bacteria, preventing them from multiplying.

Staying hydrated is another vital aspect of UTI prevention. Drinking plenty of water helps dilute urine and flush out bacteria, promoting frequent urination that naturally cleanses the urinary tract. This practice, combined with good hygiene, creates a strong defense against infections.

Women, due to their shorter urethras, are more prone to UTIs, making toilet hygiene even more critical. Specific measures, such as avoiding harsh soaps and wearing breathable cotton underwear, help reduce irritation and bacterial growth.

In 2020, CFHI commemorated World Toilet Day in Saburi Community, Abuja, where over 55 community members were sensitized on the dangers of open defecation, the importance of proper hygiene practices, the need to promote climate action, and the benefits of embracing effective waste disposal methods. This impactful initiative highlighted CFHI’s dedication to improving sanitation, fostering healthier living conditions, and driving environmental sustainability within the community.

Toilet hygiene, when paired with good hydration and regular urination habits, serves as a powerful tool in preventing UTIs and promoting overall urinary tract health. By maintaining these simple yet effective practices, individuals can protect their health and avoid the discomfort of infections. Prevention is always better than cure, and prioritizing hygiene is a step toward long-term well-being.

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MONDAY HEALTH BURST ON GESTATIONAL DIABETES: WHAT PREGNANT WOMEN SHOULD KNOW

Diabetes, Monday Health Burst / cfhinitiative

Gestational diabetes is a form of diabetes that develops during pregnancy due to elevated blood sugar levels. Although it typically resolves after childbirth, managing it carefully is essential for the health of both mother and baby. Pregnancy induces various hormonal changes, some of which interfere with insulin, the hormone responsible for controlling blood sugar. When the body cannot produce enough insulin, gestational diabetes can result. This condition can occur even in women with no history of diabetes.

Certain factors such as age, family history, pre-pregnancy weight, previous gestational diabetes, and ethnicity can increase the likelihood of developing gestational diabetes. Gestational diabetes often has no clear symptoms, making regular screening essential. Some women may experience thirst, frequent urination, fatigue, and blurred vision, but these symptoms are common in pregnancy, so they may go unnoticed.

Screening and Diagnosis:
Routine screening for gestational diabetes is generally conducted between the 24th and 28th weeks of pregnancy, though high-risk individuals may be tested earlier. The glucose tolerance test (GTT) is frequently used, requiring the mother to consume a sugary drink followed by blood sugar level checks.

Proper management of gestational diabetes is crucial to avoid complications. A balanced diet, emphasizing vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and controlled carbohydrates, helps stabilize blood sugar. Consulting a dietitian can aid in creating a personalized meal plan, Physical activity improves insulin sensitivity. Low-impact exercises like walking or swimming can be helpful, Regular monitoring is necessary to understand the body’s response to food and exercise, and in some cases, insulin or other medications may be required to maintain safe blood sugar levels.

Unmanaged gestational diabetes can lead to large birth weight, preterm birth, low blood sugar in the baby, and increased Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) risk for both mother and child. Blood sugar levels usually return to normal after childbirth. However, women who had gestational diabetes face a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes in the future. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle and regular diabetes screenings can help monitor and reduce this risk.
Though gestational diabetes may seem daunting, early diagnosis and proactive management allow most women to have healthy pregnancies and babies. Attending prenatal appointments, following healthcare advice, and adopting a healthy lifestyle are essential steps in managing gestational diabetes effectively and ensuring a positive pregnancy experience.

CFHI in collaboration with Health Strategy and Delivery Foundation (HSDF) conducts T2DM and hypertension awareness, and free screening aimed at improving Diabetes health outcomes among the populations in selected communities of Imo state.

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MONDAY HEALTH BURST ON THE IMPORTANCE OF HPV VACCINE IN CERVICAL CANCER PREVENGTION FOR GIRLS

Cancer, Monday Health Burst, WHO / cfhinitiative

Cervical cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths among women globally, with the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) being the primary cause. Fortunately, advances in medical science have made cervical cancer largely preventable through the HPV vaccine. This vaccine plays a critical role in safeguarding girls’ health by preventing HPV infections, which can lead to cervical cancer and other related diseases.

HPV is a common virus, with more than 100 strains, out of which certain high-risk types like HPV-16 and HPV-18 are responsible for approximately 70% of cervical cancer cases. The virus is transmitted through skin-to-skin contact, primarily during sexual activity. Most HPV infections resolve on their own, but persistent infections with high-risk strains can cause abnormal changes in the cells of the cervix, eventually leading to cervical cancer.

Benefits of the HPV Vaccine for Girls

Preventing Cervical Cancer: The primary benefit of the HPV vaccine is its ability to prevent cervical cancer. By protecting against the high-risk HPV strains, the vaccine dramatically reduces the incidence of precancerous cervical lesions and, over time, cervical cancer itself. Countries that have achieved high vaccination coverage have observed declines of 73–85% in vaccine-type HPV prevalence, and declines of 41–57% in high grade lesions (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, grade 2 or worse) among young women, less than 10 years after implementation of HPV vaccination.¹

Protection Against Other Cancers: In addition to cervical cancer, the HPV vaccine also provides protection against other cancers caused by HPV, including cancers of the vagina, vulva, and oropharynx (throat). This broad protection further underscores the importance of the vaccine in promoting long-term health for girls.

Reducing Healthcare Burden: By preventing cervical cancer, the HPV vaccine helps to reduce the overall healthcare burden. Fewer cases of cervical cancer mean fewer medical treatments, surgeries, and long-term care needs, benefiting both individual families and healthcare systems.

For the HPV vaccine to have its full impact, it is essential to ensure that all girls have access to it, regardless of their socioeconomic status or location.

Many low- and middle-income countries face challenges in providing widespread access to the vaccine, but initiatives by governments, global health organizations, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are working to close this gap.

In 2023, CFHI took part in a training for Civil Society Organizations focused on integrating the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine into Nigeria’s Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) schedule. After the training, CFHI with support from the National Primary Health Care Development Agency (NPHCDA) led several weeks of intensive community dialogue, training of community workers, sensitization, and referral efforts to promote HPV vaccine uptake in the Kuduru Community, Abuja. These efforts reached around 4,000 individuals, resulting in the successful mobilization of 2,300 girls for HPV vaccination in the Kurudu ward.

The HPV vaccine is a powerful tool in the fight against cervical cancer, offering girls protection against the virus that causes most cervical cancer cases. By getting vaccinated early, girls can significantly reduce their risk of developing cervical cancer, as well as other HPV-related cancers. With widespread adoption of the vaccine, we can move closer to a future where cervical cancer is a preventable disease, ensuring that girls grow up healthy, empowered, and free from the threat of this life-threatening condition.

It is vital for families, communities, and healthcare providers to work together in promoting HPV vaccination and addressing any misconceptions. Visit the nearest healthcare facility or reach out to the National Primary Health Care Development Agency for more details on HPV vaccination.

Reference:

https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)30068-4/fulltext

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MONDAY HEALTH BURST ON ATTENTION DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER(ADHD)-SYMPTOMS AND CAUSES

Mental Health, Monday Health Burst / cfhinitiative

Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects both children and adults. Characterized by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, ADHD can significantly impact an individual’s daily functioning, academic or professional performance, and social relationships. With increasing awareness, it is important to understand the symptoms, diagnosis, and management strategies for ADHD to provide the necessary support and improve quality of life for those affected.

Symptoms of ADHD

ADHD symptoms are typically grouped into two categories: inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity. While individuals may present symptoms from either category, many experience a combination of both.

Inattention:

Difficulty sustaining attention during tasks or play.
Frequent careless mistakes in schoolwork or work-related activities.
Easily distracted by external stimuli.
Difficulty organizing tasks and managing time.
Often avoids or dislikes tasks requiring sustained mental effort.
Frequently loses items like keys, books, or homework.

Hyperactivity and Impulsivity:

Inability to sit still or remain seated in appropriate situations.
Excessive fidgeting or tapping.
Frequently interrupts conversations or intrudes on others’ activities.
Talks excessively or blurts out answers before questions are completed.
Difficulty waiting their turn, whether in conversation or during activities.
These symptoms often appear before the age of 12, and for a diagnosis of ADHD, they must be present in multiple settings (e.g., home, school, or work) and impact the individual’s social or occupational functioning.

Causes and Risk Factors

The exact cause of ADHD is not well understood, but research suggests that it is a combination of genetic, environmental, and neurological factors. Key factors include:

Genetic Factors: ADHD tends to run in families, indicating a strong genetic component. Studies show that children with a parent or sibling with ADHD are at a higher risk of developing the condition.

Neurological Differences: Differences in brain structure and function, particularly in areas involved in attention, self-control, and planning, have been observed in individuals with ADHD.

Prenatal and Early Life Factors: Exposure to tobacco, alcohol, or drugs during pregnancy, premature birth, low birth weight, and exposure to environmental toxins (e.g., lead) during infancy may increase the risk of ADHD.

ADHD is a complex disorder that requires a nuanced approach to diagnosis and treatment. Greater awareness and understanding can help break down the stigma around ADHD and lead to more effective support systems for those affected. Whether through behavioral interventions, medication, or tailored educational strategies, individuals with ADHD can achieve their full potential and enjoy a fulfilling life. With continued research and advocacy, society can create an environment where those with ADHD thrive alongside their peers.

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MONDAY HEALTH BURST ON SICKLE CELL DISEASE: LIFE EXPECTANCY AND RISK FACTORS FOR DEATH

Monday Health Burst / cfhinitiative

There is a sickle cell disease (SCD) myth which says that persons with SCD do not live past the age of 21. However, the most recent study (CDC/NCHS, 2013) implies that half of males born with SCD will survive to 78 years and half of females will survive to age 83 years.

The New England Journal of Medicine states that the peak incidence of death among children with sickle cell anemia occur between 1 and 3 years of age, but this can to a large extent be prevented if newborns are screened and the prophylactic penicillin is administered early to infants with SCD.

The prominent risk factors for death with persons with SCD are acute chest syndrome, renal failure, seizures, a base-line white-cell count above 15,000 cells per cubic millimeter, and a low level of fetal hemoglobin, but with more awareness and early detection, serious complications may be prevented as SCD patients can obtain information on how to manage the disease.

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MONDAY HEALTH BURST ON SICKLE CELL DISEASE IN PREGNANCY

Monday Health Burst / cfhinitiative

Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is a genetic blood disorder characterized by the production of abnormal hemoglobin, known as hemoglobin S, which causes red blood cells to assume a rigid, sickle-like shape. These sickle-shaped cells are less flexible and can block blood flow in small blood vessels, leading to pain, organ damage, and increased risk of infection. While SCD presents significant challenges for individuals throughout their lives, pregnancy adds an additional layer of complexity, requiring careful management to ensure the health and safety of both mother and child.

Pregnancy in women with Sickle Cell Disease is considered high-risk due to the potential complications that can arise. The disease can affect almost every aspect of pregnancy, from conception to delivery, with the most common issues including:

Painful Crises: Sickle cell crises, also known as vaso-occlusive episodes, can occur more frequently during pregnancy. These crises are characterized by intense pain, often in the bones, joints, and abdomen, and are caused by the blockage of blood vessels by sickled cells. The stress of pregnancy, along with physiological changes, can trigger these episodes, posing risks to both the mother and the fetus.

Anemia: While anemia is common in all pregnancies, it can be more severe in women with SCD. The sickled red blood cells have a shorter lifespan, leading to chronic anemia, which can worsen during pregnancy. Severe anemia increases the risk of complications such as preterm birth, low birth weight, and intrauterine growth restriction.

Preeclampsia: Women with SCD are at a higher risk of developing preeclampsia, a condition characterized by high blood pressure and damage to other organs, most often the liver and kidneys. Preeclampsia can be life-threatening for both mother and baby if not managed properly, and it may necessitate early delivery.

Infections: SCD increases susceptibility to infections, including urinary tract infections (UTIs) and respiratory infections, which can complicate pregnancy. The spleen, often damaged or non-functional in individuals with SCD, plays a key role in fighting infections, making these women more vulnerable during pregnancy.

Fetal Complications: The fetus is also at risk when the mother has SCD. There is an increased likelihood of miscarriage, stillbirth, preterm delivery, and low birth weight. Moreover, there is a risk that the child may inherit SCD or be born with the sickle cell trait if both parents carry the gene.

Given the potential risks, it is crucial for pregnant women with SCD to receive specialized care from a multidisciplinary team, including obstetricians, hematologists, and pediatricians. The management of SCD during pregnancy involves several key strategies: preconception counseling, regular monitoring, pain management, prevention and treatment of infections, management of anemia, and delivery planning.

Sickle Cell Disease presents significant challenges during pregnancy, but with careful management and comprehensive care, many women with SCD can have successful pregnancies and deliver healthy babies. Early intervention, regular monitoring, and a multidisciplinary approach are key to minimizing risks and ensuring the best possible outcomes. Awareness and education about SCD in pregnancy are vital to empowering women with the knowledge and resources they need to navigate this journey safely.


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MONDAY HEALTH BURST ON SICKLE CELL OVERVIEW – SYMPTOMS AND TYPES
		
			Monday Health Burst / 			
				
				cfhinitiative			
			
		

		
		

					
				Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a group of inherited blood disorders that primarily affects the structure and function of hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the body. Individuals with SCD have abnormal hemoglobin, known as hemoglobin S, which causes red blood cells to become rigid, sticky, and crescent-shaped, resembling a sickle. These deformed cells can obstruct blood flow, leading to a range of complications and symptoms.
Types of Sickle Cell Disease

Sickle cell disease encompasses several related conditions, the most common of which include:
	Sickle Cell Anemia (HbSS):

This is the most severe form of SCD and occurs when an individual inherits two sickle cell genes (one from each parent). The red blood cells primarily contain hemoglobin S, leading to frequent complications.
	Sickle Hemoglobin-C Disease (HbSC):

This type occurs when an individual inherits one sickle cell gene and one gene for hemoglobin C. Hemoglobin C is another abnormal form of hemoglobin, but it’s less severe than hemoglobin S. People with HbSC generally have milder symptoms compared to those with HbSS, though they can still experience significant health issues.
	Sickle Beta-Plus Thalassemia (HbSβ+):

This form results from the inheritance of one sickle cell gene and one gene for beta-thalassemia, a condition that reduces the production of hemoglobin. The severity of symptoms in HbSβ+ can vary, but they are typically milder than HbSS.
	Sickle Beta-Zero Thalassemia (HbSβ0):

This is another form of SCD where the individual inherits one sickle cell gene and one gene for beta-thalassemia. In HbSβ0, the beta-thalassemia gene causes little to no hemoglobin production, making this condition as severe as HbSS.
The symptoms of SCD vary depending on the specific type, but there are common manifestations that many individuals with the condition experience:
Anemia:

The sickle-shaped cells are fragile and prone to breaking apart, leading to a shortage of red blood cells (anemia). This can result in fatigue, weakness, and paleness.
Pain Crises:

Known as vaso-occlusive crises, these episodes occur when sickled red blood cells block blood flow through tiny blood vessels, causing severe pain. Pain can occur in various parts of the body, including the chest, abdomen, and joints.
Swelling of Hands and Feet:

Also known as dactylitis, this symptom is common in infants and young children. It is caused by sickled cells blocking blood flow in the small bones of the hands and feet.
Frequent Infections:

SCD can damage the spleen, an organ that helps fight infections. This makes individuals with SCD more susceptible to infections, particularly pneumonia.

Delayed Growth and Puberty:

Due to chronic anemia and lack of oxygen-rich blood, children with SCD may grow more slowly and reach puberty later than their peers.
Vision Problems:

Sickle cells can block tiny blood vessels in the eyes, leading to damage to the retina and causing vision issues.
Acute Chest Syndrome:

This is a life-threatening complication resembling pneumonia, where sickled cells block blood vessels in the lungs, causing chest pain, fever, and difficulty breathing.
Stroke:

Children and adults with SCD are at risk of stroke due to blocked blood flow to parts of the brain. This can result in severe neurological complications.
Sickle cell disease is a complex and serious condition that requires ongoing medical care and attention. While there is no universal cure, treatments such as pain management, blood transfusions, and bone marrow transplants can help manage symptoms and prevent complications. Advances in research and therapies continue to improve the quality of life for those living with this challenging disease.

			
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MONDAY HEALTH BURST ON BREAST CANCER OVERVIEW-CAUSES AND SYMPTOMS
		
			Monday Health Burst, WHO, World Breastfeeding Week / 			
				
				cfhinitiative			
			
		

		
		

					
				Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers affecting women worldwide, with significant impact on health, families, and communities.¹
Breast cancer occurs when cells in the breast tissue begin to grow uncontrollably, forming a tumor that can be felt as a lump or detected through imaging. While most breast cancers are invasive, meaning they have spread from the original ducts or lobules into surrounding breast tissue, there are also non-invasive types that remain confined to the ducts or lobules.
Causes and Risk Factors
The exact cause of breast cancer is not fully understood, but several risk factors have been identified. Approximately 5-10% of breast cancers are linked to inherited gene mutations, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2. Women with these mutations have a significantly higher risk of developing breast cancer.² Also, prolonged exposure to estrogen and progesterone, whether through early menstruation, late menopause, or hormone replacement therapy, can increase the risk of breast cancer. Additional risk factors are:
Age: The risk of breast cancer increases with age, with most cases diagnosed in women over 50.
Family History: Women with a close relative (mother, sister, daughter) who has had breast cancer are at higher risk.
Lifestyle Factors: Smoking, alcohol consumption, obesity, and lack of physical activity are modifiable risk factors that can contribute to breast cancer development.
Radiation Exposure: Women who have been exposed to radiation, particularly to the chest area, have an increased risk of breast cancer.
Early detection of breast cancer significantly improves the chances of successful treatment. However, symptoms can vary widely, and some women may not experience any noticeable symptoms at all. Common signs to watch for include:
Lump in the Breast or Underarm: A persistent lump or thickening in the breast or underarm area is often the first sign of breast cancer. Not all lumps are cancerous, but they should be evaluated by a healthcare professional.
Changes in Breast Shape or Size: Any unexplained change in the shape, size, or appearance of the breast should be taken seriously.
Nipple Changes: This includes inversion (pulling inward of the nipple), discharge (other than breast milk), or unusual scaling or redness.
Skin Changes: Dimpling, puckering, or redness of the skin over the breast, as well as any changes in texture, can be symptoms of breast cancer.
Breast Pain: While breast pain is more commonly associated with benign conditions, persistent or unexplained pain should be investigated.
Awareness of the causes and symptoms of breast cancer is key to early detection and successful treatment. Regular self-examinations, clinical breast exams, and mammograms are essential tools for catching breast cancer early. If you notice any changes in your breast, it is important to consult with a healthcare provider promptly. Understanding your risk factors and leading a healthy lifestyle can also help reduce the risk of developing breast cancer.
References

https://www.wcrf.org/cancer-trends/breast-cancer-statistics/
https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer/risk-and-prevention/breast-cancer-risk-factors-you-cannot-change.html


 
			
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MONDAY HEALTH BURST ON  VIRAL HEPATITIS – VACCINE AND TREATMENT
		
			#ViralHepatitis, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Monday Health Burst / 			
				
				cfhinitiative			
			
		

		
		

					
				Hepatitis, a viral infection affecting the liver, poses significant global health challenges with various strains leading to potentially severe consequences. Vaccination has proven to be a critical tool in preventing the spread of Hepatitis A and B, while advancements in medical treatments offer hope for those afflicted with Hepatitis C.
Hepatitis A

Vaccine:

The Hepatitis A vaccine is highly effective and is recommended for children over one year of age, travelers to regions with high Hepatitis A rates, and individuals with chronic liver disease. The vaccine is administered in two doses six months apart.
Treatment:

There is no specific treatment for Hepatitis A, as it typically resolves on its own. Supportive care includes rest, hydration, and maintaining a nutritious diet. Patients are advised to avoid alcohol and drugs that can further harm the liver.
Hepatitis B

Vaccine:

The Hepatitis B vaccine is crucial for preventing infection and is administered in a series of three or four shots over six months. It is recommended for all infants at birth, healthcare workers, and individuals at higher risk of exposure.
Treatment:

According to the CDC, there is currently no medication for acute hepatitis B. For mild symptoms, doctors recommend rest, proper nutrition, and adequate hydration. In cases of severe symptoms, hospitalization may be necessary 1. Chronic Hepatitis B may require antiviral medications to reduce liver damage and the risk of liver cancer. Common antivirals include entecavir and tenofovir. Regular monitoring and liver function tests are essential for managing the condition.
Hepatitis C

Vaccine:

Currently, there is no vaccine for Hepatitis C, making prevention through other means, such as safe injection practices and blood screening, vital.
Treatment:

Hepatitis C treatment has advanced significantly with the development of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs). These medications can cure most cases of Hepatitis C, typically within 8 to 12 weeks. Common DAAs include sofosbuvir, ledipasvir, and velpatasvir. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent complications such as liver cirrhosis and liver cancer.
Vaccination remains a key preventive measure for Hepatitis A and B, while effective treatments are available for managing and curing Hepatitis B and C. Public health efforts focus on increasing vaccine coverage, improving access to treatments, and promoting safe practices to reduce the incidence of hepatitis infections globally.
REFERENCE:

https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis-b/treatment/index.html

			
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